The numbering does not restart with a new page or section (although in a book-length text it may restart with each new chapter). Your first citation is marked with a 1, your second with a 2, and so on. Notes should be numbered consecutively, starting from 1, across the whole text. Johnson argues that “the data is unconvincing” 1-but Smith contends that… Johnson argues that “the data is unconvincing.” 1 It is placed after any punctuation except a dash: The reference number appears in superscript at the end of the clause or sentence it refers to. You can easily insert footnotes in Microsoft Word. They appear at the bottom of the relevant page, corresponding to reference numbers in the text. Placement of footnotesįootnotes should be used whenever a source is quoted or paraphrased in the text. Check with your instructor if you’re unsure.
Sometimes you might be required to use a full note for every citation, or to use a short note every time as long as all sources appear in the bibliography. Where an item has no author, it is usual to list it alphabetically by title in the reference list or bibliography in sequence by the first significant word of the title.The guidelines for use of short and full notes can vary across different fields and institutions. The usual arrangement for a bibliography in Footnote style is a single sequence in alphabetical order by author, with the author's surname preceding the initials or given name. The use of capitals and punctuation should be consistent and will vary according to the citation style being used. Titles of books and journal titles should be italicised. Please see the EndNote Guide for information about this software.Ĭonstruct your citations within the text of your essay, using the appropriate guidelines for the style of citation you are using.Ĭreate a bibliography at the end of your essay or thesis. These programs can be used to produce reference or works cited lists in a specified style. One example is EndNote, which you can use to create databases of your references.
There are a number of software packages now available. Alternatively, you may decide to maintain a master reference list on your computer, which you add details to as required. You may wish to write all details on the print copy of an article you are using or you may wish to keep a system of filing cards for each reference item you use. Be aware that pagination may not be present or appropriate for many electronic publications.įile or store this information, and the source documents if you have them, in a manner and format that is easily accessed at a later date. Please note: Not all electronic documents have an obvious author or title, so you will sometimes need to use your own judgment to determine these details.
Year of publication or latest update date.Format (online or cdrom or electronic if you are not sure).Page, section or paragraph numbers (as appropriate).Authors surname and initials or given name if present.The elements you record will depend upon the type of electronic document you are describing.
The following is a list of common descriptive elements you may need to record for citation of an electronic document. In addition, record relevant data from the following list. Please cite according to the format you have accessed.įor electronic journal articles, record the descriptive elements specified above for journal articles. Some documents are published in both paper and electronic formats, for example, government reports and journal articles. Some examples of electronic format documents are internet pages, journal articles published on the internet or journal articles retrieved from a fulltext database.
In addition to the details for the Whole Book (see above) record the following information specific to the part:
Parts of books (Chapters, sections, conference papers, etc.) Editor, reviser, compiler or translator, if other than the author.Volume number or number of volumes, if applicable.Author’s surname and initials or given name.Please note: you may not need to use all of these elements for every citation.
You must keep a record of the journal where the article was published or the book where you found the chapter. Be careful with photocopied articles from journals or chapters from books. These lists will help you to keep the information necessary to create your references. The descriptive elements for a variety of document types are listed below. The data you record should include the page numbers for direct quotations and for journal articles or book chapters. At the time of reading a document, record all of the information (descriptive elements) necessary to create a citation.